Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24th May 1819 – 22nd January 1901) was the monarch of the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20th June 1837 until her death. From 1st May 1876, she used the additional title of  Empress of India.

Victoria was the daughter of  Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of  King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother  Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established  constitutional monarchy, in which the Sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Victoria married her first cousin,  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their  nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,  republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her  Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

Her reign of 63 years and seven months, which is  longer than that of any other British monarch and the  longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the  Victorian era<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the  British Empire<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">. She was the last  British monarch<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> of the  House of Hanover<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">. Her son and successor,  Edward VII<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, belonged to the  House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, the line of his father.

<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Birth and Family
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Victoria's father was <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  George III<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">. Until 1817, Edward's niece, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Princess Charlotte of Wales<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis in the United Kingdom that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke married  Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, a German princess whose brother <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Leopold<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">was the widower of Princess Charlotte. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Kensington Palace<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">in London. <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">The Duchess of Kent already had two children – <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Prince Carl of Leiningen<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">(1804–1856) and <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Princess Feodora of Leiningen<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">(1807–1872), by her first marriage to <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Prince Emich Carl of Leiningen<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">(1763–1814). In her later life, Victoria enjoyed a close relationship with her half-sister.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Princess Alexandrina Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace. She was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, andVictoria after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Duke's elder brother, the Prince Regent (later George IV).

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.

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Heiress presumptive
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so called " Kensington System<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering  comptroller<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, Sir  John Conroy<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of the King's bastard children, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> and perhaps prompted the emergence of  Victorian morality<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play hours with her dolls and her  King Charles spaniel<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">,  Dash<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">. <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> but she spoke only English at home.

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